Exposure - creative personal writing Essay Example for Free

Introduction innovative individual composing Essay A fast, subtle character moves over the workplace, copying top mystery records. The data was harming stuff. He leaves as fast as he enters. Who is this individual? For what reason does he need this data? Will the press get hold of it? The Rayman strolled down a back street, while in transit to his refuge. He was a short man, who had earthy colored hair with specks of dark. In places he was going bare, he had shaven his hair short. He had a very much shaven facial hair. His face was a normal face with earthy colored eyes. He wore earthy colored pants, with dark shoes. On the top he wore an earthy colored, very much pressed polo shirt. Over it he wore a cowhide coat. At the point when he was around individuals he strolled with a limp. This shrouded his actual character. He got to his home, flicked on the televison to the news. He currently found out about a break in at 10 Downing Street. Additionally he found out about the top mystery reports that have been taken. The following day he chose he needs these mystery reports. He required a group of genius crooks to work with. He got perhaps the nearest partner, Rumbo. His arrangement was to get captured with all these other driving force hoodlums. He and his associates have been educated about a truck shipping weapons around for the military. The Rayman and Rumbo were on the path of the truck. The truck brought a left down an unfilled street. The Rayman put his foot on the quickening agent and zoomed past the truck at that point did a handbrake turn straight before the truck. Both of them leaped out of the vehicle with their balaclavas on. They were both holding programmed shotguns, with the barrels sawn off. The Rayman opened the entryway on the drivers side and blew the drivers brains out. Rumbo did likewise to the traveler. The Rayman put the bodies in the back and fired the truck up while Rumbo drove the other vehicle off. Both of them got together again on the edge of the of the stream. Here they moved all the weapons from the truck into the vehicle. Rapidly they set light to the truck and drove it into the stream. Next, they drove back to the Raymans stockroom and offloaded the weapons and shrouded them under the sections of flooring. Presently they exploded their vehicle. There was presently no hard proof on them. One of the greatest police examinations occurred to discover the homicides. The police captured the Rayman, alongside Peat, The Accountant and Amen. The four were assembled in a cell. It was here the Rayman put the proposition to them of getting the report. Peat and The Accountant thought it was an extraordinary thought. The issue was that Amen was going straight. Throughout the following two hours they attempted to clarify that it was smart thought to get the archives. Agreements sweetheart was an awesome legal counselor and got them four out snappier than the Rayman anticipated. Once out the Rayman cornered down Amen. From the outset Amen was hesitant to join the gathering. After a couple of slaps and a decent two hours Amen was convinced to join the gathering. So be it returned home told his sweetheart that he was going to London to get these records. She chose to leave him. This filled Amen with rage against the Rayman. The following day them four went on an excursion to London. In London them four got together with a portion of their contacts. They got together at Ventura Hill at 8pm. Jack and Jill had tailed them here from Liverpool and were watching them. The contacts let them know of this best in class criminal, the Shadow. He was probably the best criminal in England. The gathering were educated by Rumbo about a medication shipment, to an opponent posse pioneer Jack the Hat. They reached the Shadow and request that he assist them with taking the medications. The shadow was very quick to work with the in-your-face hoodlums. Jack and Jill got some answers concerning their arrangements and had the police arranged to capture everybody, at the boat. In the interim Rumbo had come down to help and flexibly the weapons. They were prepared to assault the boat and invaded the boat through the load opening. The Rayman advised Amen to avoid the activity and cover up in the containers. The Shadow shot the principal individual. Not long after that the gunfight opened up and it was a risky spot. The Rayman followed the Shadow. At the point when they where alone he assaulted the shadow and got him to reveal to him where the mystery archives were. Reveal to me where the records are before I shoot you to the silvery entryways says the Rayman. Theyre in a cruising vessel says the Shadow. WHICH ONE? says the Rayman. Undertaking K40421, at the sailor says the Shadow. Blast! the Rayman shoots the Shadow in the head. At that point the police turn up and capture each and every individual who is alive. The main individual left is the Rayman, who got out and stow away close to the boat. At the point when the Rayman was captured he utilized his genuine name David Edwards. The beneficial thing was that David Edwards had no criminal record to give the police a harder time. The main observer left was a perishing commander and everything he could state was Rayman, Rayman. The polices first inquiry was, What occurred. The story David Edwards told goes something like this. Have you known about the Shadow? Well he was the person who took the mystery records. The Rayman had getting them off him. He revealed to us the thought when we as a whole were captured. says David Edwards. So who was the Rayman? says Jack. So be it, he said he was going straight so it would be more uncertain it was him. Anyway, I came in light of the fact that I had no way out. The arrangement was to assault this boat getting drugs. While doing this the Rayman will get the mystery reports and a ton of medications. While doing this I holed up behind some cases so as not to get included says David Edwards So you just got stirred up with the gathering since we captured you? All things considered, I just have one decision, to release you, says Jack. David Edwards exits the police headquarters. At that point straight away quits strolling with a limp. He gets into a taxi and goes to the sailor. Here he discovers Enterprise K40421. Under the front he finds a concise case. There is no code to place in. He presses the two catches, Click, Click. On the highest point of the short case in large composing is a sign, which says Have a pleasant day. Kaboom.

Concepts of Components Theory

Ideas of Components Theory Presentation Concepts are significant in any examination study. They are used to create nursing speculations. Generally, nursing speculations start from ideas. To accomplish hypothesis improvement, ideas must be characterized. Also, they should be refined to build up association with the hypothesis. This paper will investigate theoretical segments of theory.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Concepts of Components Theory explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conceptual parts of hypothesis Components structure the squares for hypothesis development. In addition, ideas make theory. Theory is typically acknowledged through utilization of ideas. Any hypothesis must be comprehended if its ideas are plainly laid out or if those normal to comprehend it are well acquainted with the ideas. Generally, there can be no hypothesis without ideas. Ideas make the structure squares of nursing speculations (Rushing, 2008, pp. 198-210). How the parts are watched an d estimated by and by Components of nursing hypotheses can be watched and estimated through research contemplates. Also, since most ideas are typically acknowledged, they are watched dependent on acknowledged guidelines for perception. They are likewise estimated dependent on concurred methodology. Generally, suppositions are typically mentioned on methods of objective fact and estimations. Nursing hypothesis has various ideas. Among which are four principle ones to be specific wellbeing, patient, condition and nursing jobs/objectives and capacities. Center range hypotheses, for example, Johnson’s hypothesis of sensation have used various nursing ideas. This can be seen through the patient’s conduct, nursing objectives, wellbeing and condition of nursing (Veo, 2010, pp.17-22). For example, the hypothesis of sensation expresses that irregularities between what is experienced and expected in physical sensation typically bring about trouble. This can be seen through obser ving, tasting, smelling and hearing. Fundamentally, Johnson contends that when one is set up to confront medical procedure before the occasion, this decreases uneasiness and consequently expands his capacity to collaborate completely all through the strategy. It is likewise important to take note of that ideas are typically characterized by estimating activity used. For example, wellbeing can be estimated by weight record. Also, nursing can be estimated through capacities or jobs. It is important to take note of that a few ideas must be estimated in a roundabout way utilizing pointers. How the hypothesis has developed dependent on the testing of the ideas The hypothesis of sensation has advanced after some time. This has crossed through various scholars including clinicians. Logical speculations change at whatever point new discoveries come up. This typically happens when new discoveries issues old thoughts. Simultaneously, new understandings are typically introduced on old informat ion. Sensation has advanced after some time because of progress in character builds/concepts.Advertising Looking for exposition on training? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, connection with the earth has likewise prompted social changes. Modernized innovations have additionally prompted propelled methods of estimating sensation. This has prompted critical changes in ideas of the hypothesis of sensation. Fundamentally, when techniques for perception and estimating of ideas change, it is plausible that ideas likewise change to give new translations. Testing of ideas after some time change with coming of new advancements and thoughts. Legitimacy of develops is normally founded on research and hypothesis. Nursing hypotheses are created by characterizing and rethinking ideas dependent on explore. This develops dependent on new builds (Wills McEwen, 2010). End Concepts are fundamental being developed of speculations. They s tructure the essential squares of speculations. They are portrayed by suppositions since they are typically acknowledged for the timeframe in which they are appropriate. That is, when new thoughts are delivered, they are typically changed to fit into new builds. References Rushing, A. (2008). The unitary life example of people encountering peacefulness in recuperation from liquor and illicit drug use. Advances in Nursing Science, 31(3), 198-210. Veo, P. (2010). Idea mapping for applying hypothesis to nursing practice. Diary for Nurses in Staff Development, 26(1), 17-22. Wills, M. McEwen, M. (2010). Hypothetical Basis for Nursing. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

The Comprehensive Guide on What is an Annotated Bibliography

The Comprehensive Guide on What is an Annotated Bibliography Annotated bibliography assignments are a significant application for the students and for the individuals who are using it. Besides, it is very helpful in finding effective information. And choosing an appropriate source for their research. It is a part of the large study based project which provides a research study on a particular topic. Furthermore, it helps the students to find out whether their data is appropriate or not. And the quality of the work should be high and effective according to their research study. How to write an Annotated Bibliography? Summary How to write an Annotated Bibliography?Types of AnnotationsHow to write an Evaluative Annotation?Some Specialized Areas in writing an Annotated BibliographyAnalyzing your resources for writing an Annotated BibliographyProblems faced by studentsThe Closure of writing an Annotated Bibliography It is a list of various articles, documents, books based on several academic works. It can be said a brief view of the overall study and an overview of the research related to it. The main objective of it is to notify the reader about relevance and quality. As well as the effectiveness of the work cited. Various sources we can use in starting the structure “how to write an annotated bibliography.” Select your sourcesReview the itemsWrite the citation as well as annotationEvery citation is followed by a descriptive paragraph (generally around 150 words or 4 to 6 sentences) Types of Annotations A Summary Annotation provides the main points as well as focus on them. It explains the source by relating the above questions: Who has written the documentFrom where the data has been collectedWhere the document has been writtenWhy was the document writtenHow it is provided to the public An Evaluative Annotation explains the summary and also analytically assess the relevance, accuracy, and the quality of the work. It should be decided whether there is enough valid information or not. How to write an Evaluative Annotation? Well, we all face some critical situations while evaluating annotations. Still, many of us do not choose the right way to learn “how to write an Annotated Bibliography” or any other topic. But here we are providing you the correct manner of evaluating annotation suggest by our experts. Hope you’ll understand this. nd use it in a proper way which can be relevant to you: Cite the source using MLA styleDescribe the important ideas, facts, methods as well as themesDescribe the authors point of view and their aspectsEvaluate the strengths or weaknessesExplain the conclusion or observations Some Specialized Areas in writing an Annotated Bibliography Are you confused about the formatting and learning of an Annotated Bibliography? It can be a major problem for many of us. Still, you don’t need to worry anymore. Because we are providing you the relevant and effective methods of formatting it. Well researched solution for MLA Annotated Bibliography It contains evaluative or descriptive conclusions about your sources. And MLA guidelines should follow each citation. Completely referenced solutions to APA Annotated Bibliography Are you guys struggling to learn a perfect APA formatting bibliography? From having a start related to the APA formatting. Furthermore, we are providing the whole study related to it. Reasonable solutions to Chicago Annotated Bibliography Are you looking forward to learning some new formatting styles? Then we can provide you various technicalities related to the Chicago Bibliography. The well-cited solution to Harvard Annotated Bibliography Analyzing your resources for writing an Annotated Bibliography While learning about writing an annotated bibliography. The students must be aware of choosing the right source of information about their study. Choosing an appropriate source can make your paper more accurate. Besides, the specialization you have made above should be enough to make your work complete. Problems faced by students The Annotated Bibliography is not easy work to complete. It requires a deep understanding and learning in this field. Regular practice and hard work help to be master how to write an Annotated Bibliography. But still, some students face the following problems: You can write it without reading comprehensively.One time reading is not enough, and sometimes you have to study many times.It requires the skills of understanding and learning.Identify some points from a long article and summarize it in 150-200 words. The Closure of writing an Annotated Bibliography The whole paper is explaining the facts, ideas, and methods to write an annotated bibliography. All the references should cite commendably. And also the research should be done effectively. Now, as you all know, our specialized areas, as well as our expertise. Do not hesitate to give us a call for any of your problems. Feel free to get in touch with us and we will provide you the best we can provide. We will also try our best to improve your skills as well as your grades. Get the best assignment help now!

Geoffrey Chaucer s Impact On Literature - 1231 Words

Geoffrey Chaucer’s Impact on Literature: English poet Geoffrey Chaucer is acclaimed to be one of the best and most influential poets in history. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote several famous literary works in what is called middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1340 in London, England. Over the course of Chaucer’s life, he entered and exited several different social classes. He began to write his most known pieces when he became a public servant to Countess Elizabeth of Ulster in 1357. He died on October 25, 1400 in London, England, and was buried in Westminster Abbey’s Poet’s Corner. In Chaucer’s life he wrote over 500 works of literature, which includes The Book of the Duchess, The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde. Chaucer’s best known work is The Canterbury Tales. The Canterbury Tales was highly influential on how different social classes were viewed back in the 1300’s. He is also known for hi s original style of writing that developed the vernacular of middle English. Chaucer has very clearly influenced and inspired several writers throughout history with his style of writing. Literature was impacted and forever changed by the literary works and style of writing that Geoffrey Chaucer contributed in the middle ages. Geoffrey Chaucer’s most famous work is â€Å"The Canterbury Tales†. Chaucer started writing The Canterbury Tales in 1386 and never actually finished them. The Canterbury Tales is made up by a collection of 24 storiesShow MoreRelatedWho Was Geoffrey Chaucer?888 Words   |  4 PagesWho was Geoffrey Chaucer? One of the most unique poets of during the Middle Ages was Geoffrey Chaucer. He was born in London sometime between 1340 and 1344. His parents were John Chaucer and Agnes Copton. John Chaucer was an affluent wine merchant and deputy to the king’s butler. Geoffrey held several opportunities early in his life serving as a noblewoman’s page, a courtier, a diplomat, a civil servant, and a collector of scrap metal. He was given theses oppurtunities because of who his father wasRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1049 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature is often times used by scholars as a window into the past. From describing cultural norms to affirming historical events, writing can be used for a variety of reasons. The Miller’s Tale, a story from the internationally renown The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, provides its audience with insight into the workings and views of society in 14th century England. The tale follows the mischief of a carpenterà ¢â‚¬â„¢s wife and her lovers who attempt to gain her affection. The wife, Alisoun, commitsRead MoreChaucer s Canterbury Tales And The Wife Of Bath s Tale1167 Words   |  5 PagesDidactic literature is a work of writing that has been around for many centuries. It can come in all types of forms- novels, plays, poems, etc. The main similarity that all didactic literature have in common is their message. They all aim to impact their audience with a message or moral that usually involves religion, philosophy, history, or even politics. In a way, didactic literature always tries to improve a part of society in a moral basis. The reason it targets a part of society is becauseRead MoreMy Last Duchess By Robert Browning951 Words   |  4 Pagespianist. His love for writing dramatic monologues came from his father who gave him the love Browning had for art and literature. Browning attended the University of London for half a year before returning home to read in his father s library. His first work, Pauline: A Fragment of a Confession, was first issued in 1833. It was his second work that brought about his talents in the literature world. Paracelsus was the second work that Browning published; however, he felt as though it was failure, even thoughRead MoreThe Middle Ages Gain So Much Fame And Admiration From Others1916 Words   |  8 Pagesadmiration from others? Their works had to reflect what ordinary people were going through. They had to use their stories as a form of identity for many. Geoffrey Chaucer had this in mind when writing his most important piece of work, ‘The Canterbury Tales†™ and his other pieces of work that gained him the title as the father of English literature . Chaucer’s wrote the tales in the fourteenth century to dwell upon medieval society and to retell what society was going through at the time. His earlyRead MoreThe First Form Of English Language993 Words   |  4 Pagesconsistent reformation, the English language holds a highly diversified panorama of linguistic landscape. Dating back as early as 410 A.D., the fall of the Roman empire, neighboring countries and tribes vigorously fought for the rule of England (Literature). In the act, they transformed human interaction and left imprints of influence not only in monarchy or social paradigms, but in linguistic advancements as well. The English language has been a hybridized substance molded in the hands of war, explorationRead MoreReligion Throughout British Literature2205 Words   |  9 Pagesor cultural or psychological, have a deep impact on the story and are reflective of a lit erary time period. The differences in each story show the changes in the culture, religion, or the way people thought. The purpose of the sequential order of the stories is to show how man has changed his ways, how he has failed and how he has redeemed himself. The first piece of literature to be analyzed is Beowulf, which was written in approximately the late 800s A.D. Now, the author of Beowulf who is unknownRead MoreThe Middle Ages1747 Words   |  7 PagesLuiz Gustavo Machado Mrs. Phillips British Literature 6 January 2016 The English Middle Ages The middle ages (1066-1485) is known as the Dark ages for representing cultural and economic deterioration following the decline of the exuberant Roman Empire. However, a variety of important events that took place in that period, mainly in England, helped shape society as we know it today. Feudalism was created in the middle ages with the king at the top of military, political, and economic hierarchy, noblesRead MoreCourtly Love and Mediieval Romance7340 Words   |  30 Pagessatisfaction may not have been the main goal or even result of the ‘amour courtis’ but neither was the love entirely platonic as its foundation was sexual satisfaction. Classical literature, as demonstrated in Dido for Aeneas, the passion described through the text often refers to eros- hot lust. The passion described through this literature is hot and firry. Ars Armitoria and Remedia Amoris translated to mean The Art of Love and the Cure for Love, both written by Ovid are iconic and moralistic expositions

Free Love and Womens History 19th Century and Later

The name free love has been given to a variety of movements in history, with different meanings. In the 1960s and 1970s, free love came to imply a sexually active lifestyle with many casual sex partners and little or no commitment. In the 19th century, including the Victorian era, it usually meant the ability to freely choose a monogamous sexual partner and to freely choose to end a marriage or relationship when love ended. The phrase was used by those who wanted to remove the state from decisions about marriage, birth control, sexual partners and marital fidelity. Victoria Woodhull and the Free Love Platform When Victoria Woodhull ran for President of the United States on the Free Love platform, she was assumed to be promoting promiscuity. But that was not her intent, for she and other 19th century women and men who agreed with these ideas believed they were promoting a different and better sexual morality: one that was based on a freely chosen commitment and love, instead of legal and economic bonds. The idea of free love also came to include voluntary motherhood—freely chosen maternity as well as a freely chosen partner. Both were about a different kind of commitment: commitment based on personal choice and love, not on economic and legal restraints. Victoria Woodhull  promoted a variety of causes including free love. In a famous scandal of the 19th century, she exposed an affair by the preacher Henry Ward Beecher, believing him to be a hypocrite for denouncing her free love philosophy as immoral, while actually practicing adultery, which in her eyes was more immoral. Yes, I am a Free Lover. I have an inalienable, constitutional and natural right to love whom I may, to love as long or as short a period as I can; to change that love every day if I please, and with that right neither you nor any law you can frame have any right to interfere. —Victoria Woodhull My judges preach against free love openly, practice it secretly. - Victoria Woodhull Ideas About Marriage Many thinkers in the 19th century looked at the reality of marriage and especially its effects on women, and concluded that marriage was not much different from slavery or prostitution. Marriage meant, for women in the early half of the century and only somewhat less in the later half, economic enslavement: until 1848 in America, and about that time or later in other countries, married women had few rights to property. Women had few rights to custody of their children if they divorced a husband, and divorce was difficult in any case. Many passages in the New Testament could be read as antagonistic to marriage or sexual activity, and church history, notably in Augustine, has usually been antagonistic to sex outside of sanctioned marriage, with notable exceptions, including some Popes who fathered children. Through history, occasionally Christian religious groups have developed explicit theories antagonistic to marriage, some teaching sexual celibacy, including the Shakers in America, and some teaching sexual activity outside of legal or religious permanent marriage, including the Brethren of the Free Spirit in the 12th century in Europe. Free Love in the Oneida Community Fanny Wright, inspired by the communitarianism of Robert Owen and Robert Dale Owen, purchased the land on which she and others who were Owenites established the community of Nashoba. Owen had adapted ideas from John Humphrey Noyes, who promoted in the Oneida Community a kind of Free Love, opposing marriage and instead using spiritual affinity as the bond of union. Noyes, in turn, adapted his ideas from Josiah Warren and Dr. and Mrs. Thomas L. Nichols. Noyes later repudiated the term Free Love. Wright encouraged free sexual relationships—free love—within the community and opposed marriage. After the community failed, she advocated a variety of causes, including changes to marriage and divorce laws. Wright and Owen promoted sexual fulfillment and sexual knowledge. Owen promoted a kind of coitus interruptus instead of sponges or condoms for birth control. They both taught that sex could be a positive experience and was not just for procreation but for individual fulfillment and the natural fulfillment of the love of partners for each other. When Wright died in 1852, she was engaged in a legal battle with her husband whom shed married in 1831, and who later used the laws of the time to seize control of all her property and earnings. Thus Fanny Wright became, as it were, an example of the problems of marriage that she had worked to end. There is but one honest limit to the rights of a sentient being; it is where they touch the rights of another sentient being.  - Frances Wright Voluntary Motherhood By the late 19th century, many reformers advocated voluntary motherhood—the choice of motherhood as well as marriage. In 1873, the United States Congress, acting to stop the growing availability of contraceptives and information about sexuality, passed what was known as the Comstock Law. Some advocates of wider access to and information about contraceptives also advocated eugenics as a way to control the reproduction of those who, eugenics advocates assumed, would pass on undesirable characteristics. Emma Goldman became an advocate of birth control and a critic of marriage -- whether she was a full-blown eugenics advocate is a matter of current controversy. She opposed the institution of marriage as detrimental, especially, to women, and advocated birth control as a means of womens emancipation. Free love? As if love is anything but free! Man has bought brains, but all the millions in the world have failed to buy love. Man has subdued bodies, but all the power on earth has been unable to subdue love. Man has conquered whole nations, but all his armies could not conquer love. Man has chained and fettered the spirit, but he has been utterly helpless before love. High on a throne, with all the splendor and pomp his gold can command, man is yet poor and desolate, if love passes him by. And if it stays, the poorest hovel is radiant with warmth, with life and color. Thus love has the magic power to make of a beggar a king. Yes, love is free; it can dwell in no other atmosphere.  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Emma Goldman Margaret Sanger also promoted birth control—and popularized that term instead of voluntary motherhood—  emphasizing the individual womans physical and mental health and freedom. She was accused of promoting free love and even jailed for her dissemination of information on contraceptives -- and in 1938 a case involving Sanger ended the prosecution under the Comstock Law. The  Comstock Law  was an attempt to legislate against the kinds of relationships promoted by those who supported free love. Free Love in the 20th Century In the 1960s and 1970s, those who preached sexual liberation and sexual freedom adopted the term free love, and those who opposed a casual sex lifestyle also used the term as  prima facie evidence of the immorality of the practice. As sexually transmitted diseases, and especially AIDS/HIV, became more widespread, the free love of the late 20th century became less attractive. As one writer in Salon wrote in 2002, Oh yeah, and we are  really  sick of you talking about free love. You dont think we want to have healthy, enjoyable, more casual sex lives? You did it, you enjoyed it and you lived. For us, one wrong move, one bad night, or one random condom with a pinprick and we die.... Weve been trained to fear sex since grade school. Most of us learned how to wrap a banana in a condom by the age of 8, just in case.

American and British Labor Free Essays

The dramatic rise of the British Labor Party to the position of His Majesty’s opposition in the House of Commons has focused the attention of the entire Western world upon the British labor movement. On the benches where Burke and Gladstone once sat there are now over 140 miners, machinists, weavers, boilermakers and working class leaders ready to take over the government of Great Britain if the conservative parties fail. The movement which has brought the British working class to the thresh-old of power is not the sudden spurt of a handful of insurrectionists working upon the discontent of the people. We will write a custom essay sample on American and British Labor or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a conscious and highly organized section of the state moving deliberately toward a new kind of industrial and political society. The movement has tremendous significance for America because it is a movement of kindred peoples, speaking a common language and struggling in the midst of industrial problems which are not unlike the problems of America. What British labor does in one decade may be done in America in the next. To understand the British labor movement it is well to note first of all that it is a movement of one hundred and twenty-five years’ growth. Many of the issues which are today vital in the American labor movement were disposed of fifty years ago in Great Britain. When America was still predominantly an agricultural country Great Britain had passed through the first and worst stages of the Industrial Revolution. With the introduction of power  driven machinery great numbers of workers were brought together under one employer in factories and mills. They were forced to work fifteen and eighteen hours a day for   wages that would now be refused by an errand boy. They formed unions and went on strikes only to be beaten, imprisoned and exiled. When they demanded a ten-hour day   they were denounced as criminals. When they formed a picket line, they were imprisoned for intimidation. Although temporarily defeated in times of industrial depression they did not lose courage. Step by step they won the right to organize, the right to strike, collective bargaining, political power in the state, the reduction of hours, the enormous increase of wages, and a measure of joint control over working conditions. Every forward step which the British workers have taken has been bitterly fought by the employing classes and has been conceded only when labor demonstrated its superior economic or political power. With such a background of struggle the British labor movement is not a delicate thing. It does not depend on employers’ sanctions: it is not concerned about its respectability. It is proud with the pride of a hard won success. The Rise of the Labour Party From the back bedroom of Ramsay MacDonald’s house in No. 3 Lincoln’s Inn Field to the front benches of Parliament in twenty years the Labor Party has come. Its growth is the most inspiring achievement of the British labor movement. It is a party of manual and brain workers, controlled by workers and led by workers. Fifty years ago there was no indication that the workers would ever reject the old parties and create a party of their own. The growth of the idea of a separate labor party was at first painfully slow. In 1892 Kier Hardie sat alone as the first independent worker to be elected to the House of Commons. He helped to organize the Independent Labor Party, a group of vigorous young socialists who set about to convert the trade unions to believe in the political action of labor. By 1900 they had so far succeeded that the Trades Union Congress appointed a Labor Representation Committee. Since the formation of this committee, the power of labor in politics has steadily grown. The Labor Party, officially   formed in 1906, startled the country in that year by electing 29 members to Parliament. In 1910 the party elected 42 members and in 1918 about 70. In November, 1922, the Labor Party returned 144 representatives and some 10,000 local and municipal officials. If the increase in the Labor Party vote continues to be as rapid as it was in the years from 1900 to 1922, Great Britain will have a clear majority of labor voters by 1926. The labor votes have increased from 62,000†¦ socialist societies affiliated in a body of individual members. The brain workers are joining the party in increasing numbers are being provided for by separate local organizations. The Labour party is controlled by annual conference of delegates from the affiliated organizations and by an execute committee of twenty-three members elected by the conference. The party carries candidate becomes official when he has been approved by the National Executive Committee of the Labor Party. In this scheme of nominating candidates the individual members of the Labor Party are not forgotten. Their candidates immediately before election, often a constituency has a â€Å"prospective† candidate who may be chosen shortly after an election and approved by the national Labour Party who have 43 representatives, but there has been no fundamental clash of interests between the trade-union leaders and the intellectuals. The chief reason for the opposition to the Communist International is that the British workers do not favor the method of revolution adopted by the Communists. Operation in international affairs will be more successful than the similar pledge given by the European socialists before the war. THE POWER OF THE UNIONS There are more than twice as many members in trade unions in Great Britain as there are in the United States in proportion to population. Almost every industry has its union or unions with recognition and collective bargaining. The membership of unions affiliated to the Trades Union Congress increased from one million in 1895 to six and one-half millions in 1920. During 1921 and 1922 there was a serious loss in union membership because of unemployment and the financial depression but there were no indications that this loss would be permanent. The 1922 figures showed about five million union members. The Federation of British Industries, the largest employers’ organization, representing 16,000 firms and over 19 billion dollars of capital, in its official report on the control of industry, says: â€Å"The principles of trade union representation and collective bargaining are now fully accepted by employers.† British employers do not use the term collective bargaining to mean dealing with â€Å"Company Unions† or employees’ organizations set up by the employers themselves. There are virtually no â€Å"Company Unions† in Great Britain, except the organizations of foremen and supervisors. Most British employers bargain directly with their employees as members of a national or district labor union. It is generally recognized that the workers have the right to choose their own representatives without restriction. They are usually represented in negotiations with employers by their own elected union officers who are specialists in gathering and presenting information about the trade. In America, the unskilled workers are the last of the manual workers to be organized, with the result that strong craft unions may be found working with unskilled non union, demonstrated during the conduct of great strikes. In the coal strike of the spring and summer of 1921, over 1,000,000 miners were on strike, and approximately 3,000,000 other workers of organizers. It is controlled by the votes of the delegates who have power in proportion to the number of members they represent. (Paul Blanshard – author, Paul Blanshard – author. Publisher: George H. Doran Company. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1923. Page Number: 20.) The Labour Party was created in 1900: a new party for a new century.   Its formation was the result of many years of hard effort by working people, trade unionists and socialists, united by the goal of changing the British Parliament to represent the interests of everybody.   Ignored by the Tories and disillusioned with the Liberals, a coalition of different interests came together to push for change at a Conference on Labour Representation in London’s Memorial Hall in February 1900. For many years the new organisation struggled to take root in the British political system.   The conference of February 1900 had not even created a proper ‘party.’ Instead the new body was called the Labour Representation Committee and it had no members, only organisations affiliated to it.   In the elections of that year, the new group made little ground.   Indeed Labour’s leaders worked closely with the 1906-14 Liberal Governments, and relied on their majority to agree measures to help Labour, such as the Trade Disputes Act of 1906, and the payment of MPs in 1911. But while Labour in Parliament was â€Å"hanging from the coat-tails† of the Liberals, Labour in the country was growing apace.   The number of constituency parties affiliated rose from 73 in 1906 to 179 by 1914 and before the outbreak of war prevented the expected election, Labour was prepared to field a record number of candidates.   When the Liberal Party split in 1916, the Labour Party was well placed to make a challenge for power. Until the early 1900s, people often worked long hours for low wages. The labor movement began as people started to work together to improve their work conditions. Although there are many laws to protect workers, there are still concerns about working conditions, particular the use of immigrants and children. In the 1930s, the labor movement gained momentum. With an abundance of labor, employers could easily replace workers. Labor unions were formed to help workers get organized and bargain for their needs and rights. Workers created unions because groups have more bargaining power than individuals. When large groups of employees make joint decisions, employers are forced to listen to their concerns. For example, if all the workers in a factory stopped working at the same time, it would be difficult to keep the company operating. Early unions in North America faced a difficult battle. Employers refused to accept the unions. The courts often declared the unions illegal. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 and other laws required employers to bargain with unions. Political parties and other groups have also become involved with the labor movement. Organized labor is not as powerful today as it once was. However, many people such as construction, factory,and industry employees are members of unions. Although they have helped workers earn higher wages and better working conditions, some people think they are too powerful.                                                 How to cite American and British Labor, Essay examples

Involved Environment The Natural Resources †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Involved Environment The Natural Resources? Answer: Introduction Corporate social responsibility entails the all the activities that companies engage in outside their primary purpose at the time of formation. It involves the organization's participation in activities such as assisting in waste management within their geographical areas of operation, provision of non-monetary benefits to the workers, engaging in programs that are aimed at helping the less fortunate in society among others. All these activities have a direct impact on the well being of the company (Muthu, 2014). This paper will elaborate the financial implications that enterprises that have CSR initiatives go through. Companies should consider a range of factors before they tend to engage in the CSR initiatives. Organizations' Adoption of CSR Many corporations, especially in the private sector, carry out businesses with the sole purpose of marketing the profit. The shareholders can only accept to invest in corporate responsibilities if it will have a positive impact on their portfolio and hence increase shareholder investment (Kallio, 2007). Most organizational heads hold the view that when their entities engage in social responsibilities, it leads to them commanding respect among the peers in the industry they are operating in. Therefore, the CSR activities give the organization a competitive advantage over other players. Also, the CSR will, in the long run, lead to an increase in the volume of the sales as more clients will be aware of the products being offered. This is simply due to the closeness that the final consumers will feel with the company that has participated in social responsibilities. It should be noted that impact of the increase in profits will not be a one-time affair. The realization of the invested capital will be realized gradually. This paper will discuss on how firms that engage in Social Corporate Responsibility (C.S.R) will not automatically lead to improved corporate financial performance. The CSR enhances employee loyalty and attracts a better workforce. Workers are naturally drawn to entities that are inclined to improving the standards of the individuals and the surrounding in which they reside (Osterwalder Pigneur, 2010). When the employees are satisfied with both the internal and external environment, then they drastically improve their productivity leading to a maximization of shareholder wealth. An organization can participate in corporate responsibility to the workers through giving out of non-monetary benefits. They include medical insurance, retirement packages, and other fringe benefits. All these expenses incurred by a company are costly to sustain, and they will significantly reduce the profitability of a company (Sasse Trahan, 2007). This will lead to the company gaining a competitive disadvantage over other players in the industry. The Stakeholder Theory The heads of the various organizations should ensure that it balances the desires of stakeholders. These aspects are outlined in by the stakeholder theory. Freeman advanced this theory. He argues that the management should ensure all stakeholders interests are taken care of and a balance apparently struck out. In case of dissatisfaction of any group will easily result to affecting the economic output of the business and in so doing affect the future performance of the entity. The theory emphasizes that the managers should take into consideration all the groups that have a stake in the company. If one group of the primary stakeholders feel left out, then it may try as much as possible to reduce the benefit enjoyed by the other entity. Organizations today are forced to show that their business stands for something more than just profits. The need to prove that the activities which the company engage in are adding some value, or even at least do not negatively affect the community aroun d them. Engaging in CSR changes the focus of the company from its core purpose at inception. The sole purpose of starting entities is to make the profit. Hence, CSR results to the diversion of funds from the sole objective of increasing returns and hence affecting financial growth as resources are utilized in improving the image of the company. The gains from this exercise that is difficult to determine. Usually, firms engage in improving the welfare of the local community at the expense of the profit making goal. These activities may include among others a reduction of the pollution effect to the immediate environment. Drawbacks of CSR In as much as CSR is a good activity for adoption by the business organizations, it is also associated with various drawbacks. Corporate social responsibility may also lead to the disrepute of the company. CSR requires the businesses to disclose the side effects of the products and services they supply to the market (Henderson, 2007). For instance, the Samsung Company had to withdrawal some of the phones from the market since their batteries in the market started to explode. This act affected the reputation of the company as one of the leading entities in the mobile phone industry. Their withdrawal greatly reduced their volume of sales and hence the profitability levels (Perkmann Spicer, 2010). Additionally, the CSR activities of Samsung regarding the situation creates inconvenience to the final consumers of the company products and a reduction of trust with the respective manufacturer of the defective products (Atakan Eker, 2007). Also, Coca -Cola Company released information on the chemicals found in their soft drinks the corporate responsibility, but this ended up in lowering their reputation and hence a reduction in the revenue. CSR activities may increase the cost of production. Programs of CSR requires intensive expenditure to implement.Hence, this stretches the profits of a company. It's worth noting that the additional expenses incurred by an entity will automatically be shifted to the final consumer leading to an increase in price that the consumers will pay for it. However, it's essential to note that the increase in expenditure in most cases affects the small and medium enterprises. Large corporations may not necessarily increase their prices since they cushioned as the large produce volume of output (Horrigan, 2010). CSR results to customer cynic. For the start businesses that engage in these activities leads to a positive effect on their customers opinions regarding the companys products. The consumers like the fact that the programs are for a good cause (Roberts, 2007). However, if they fail to see immediate results of these activities, they become wary of these actions, and in the long run, it will be difficult to convince them that the company had good intentions since the results are not felt as quickly as they are expected. Most customers at this stage start to have a negative attitude towards the company offering CSR and hence will automatically lead to a reduction in sales volume and furthermore the profit levels. It affects staff morale. For a company to engage and offer quality CSR services, then it has to increase the workload of its workers. Employees will be required to work long hours with no increase in remuneration (Parmar, 2014). Usually, workers need motivation for them to offer extra services and if they are not provided with the same, then they have no alternative but quit and look for better avenues. The given company will have to incur more costs in recruitment and training of new staff. Hence, this will affect to a great deal the profitability levels of the enterprise and a stagnation of the shareholder wealth. The corporate social responsibility affects the interests of the shareholders. Proper implementation of this process requires that the entities implementing it undergo through a range of changes in the way operations are run. The company will be required to hire an additional workforce to manage the CSR initiatives (Maak, 2007). It will also entail an increased level of reporting more especially on the financial implication of the CSR activities. All these changes require intensive capital for them to be successful. Individuals who are against this initiative hold the opinion that all these funds to implement the CSR policy come directly from the pockets of the shareholders. Opponents of this initiative argue that CSR activities incur an immense greater cost in comparison to the little measurable return from them. The exercise involves incurring of many expenses. Many companies are not willing to fully engage in CSR activities due to the associated costs that come a long with it. While implanting CSR initiatives firms have to heavily pay for environmental programs in the local areas they operate in, pay for the employee's welfare through the medical insurances schemes and also staff training. Moreover, they have to engage in activities that ensure effective waste management programs. All these activities require intensive financing (Pickett Wilkinson, 2009). CSR activities may antagonize the expectations of shareholders, and this will make them have a negative perception of the investors'. Organizations from time immemorial have a primary objective of ensuring the value of shareholders is maximized, therefore; the company managers must make sure they strike a balance between the main goal of the company and the CSR initiatives to benefit other stakeholders (Aver Cadez,2009). The willingness of the investors to commit their finances may differ. Investors may shy away from investing in entities that engage in CSR activities because it is a costly activity (Artiach, Lee, Nelson, Walker, 2010). It leads to a company experiencing competitive disadvantages. For a company to effectively implement the CSR initiatives, it has to reorganize the way it operates regarding the working model logistics. Working with a completely new paradigm may turn out to be an obstacle in the way the business works. For instance, a company that implements the CSR initiative will be incurring additional costs to implement strict regulations on its products to meet the CSR requirements thereby becoming disadvantaged in comparison to another company in the same sector but pays no attention to CSR initiatives (Balmer, Fukukawa Gray, 2007). The primary function of the private organizations is to maximize the profit of the shareholders. Given that this is the primary objective, it makes it difficult for them to incorporate and implement the social responsibility accounting system aspect. This is simply because application of the policy requires a substantive amount of resources (Innovation in India, 2007). This entails both the reorganization of the entity and revamping the new sector to engage in CSR activities which are very expensive in the long run. Firms will be going against this principle of profit maximization. The main stakeholders will at all costs ensure that the business remains steadfast in the provision of services and quality products without forgetting that it should be driven by the profit levels appetite. Several entities often report on the CSR policies and activities. This is to lure more customers to embrace their products as the implied to be closer and beneficial to the final consumer.They need to go a step further and compare the resources that they had initially put in these CSR projects to make a worthy finding of if they are real beneficial and should be encouraged. It's important to note however that it's not that easy to measure the gains from these activities. CSR performance can be assessed by entities through benchmarking with other organizations in the same sector and also other sets of organizations. How Businesses can Measure their CSR Financial Performance Initial expenditure the firms engaged in carrying out the CSR initiative measured against the final profits realized in a given financial period to establish if the firm has gained. The first one is by establishing the degree of executive engagement.The organization should not overlook the human capital that it deploys to implement the organization CSR initiatives. This is essential because the said staff could have been involved in running the day today activities of the organization hence contributing to the direct benefit of the company (Aras, Aybars, Kutlu, 2010). The rank of the staff should also be considered as these activities majorly involve the management cadre to drive the CSR initiative. Finally, the organizations should do a comparison of CSR objectives against the outcomes. This will be a clear indicator of knowing whether the company's resources yielded the outcomes intended and if not, the entity should be able to pinpoint the reasons as to why. Other organizations in most cases abuse the CSR initiative. These firms engage in activities of hoodwinking the public that they are carrying out beneficial activities and in the real sense they are not. This is through practicing of weak CSR initiatives a phenomenon called green washing.' This entails organizations utilizing more of their resources in advertising the activities they have engaged in being environmentally friendly than those resources they have put in CSR initiatives. Conclusion In conclusion, it's evident to note that from the preceding discussion managers of organizations have to ensure that tread very carefully before engaging in the CSR initiatives. The influence of it on the financial performance has been a point of concern to the top level management. It's worthy noting that the benefit that organization gets from engaging in CSR initiatives cannot be empirically measured. Hence, managers should first prioritize profit maximization as opposed to CSR initiatives as its benefits are a gradual benefit. References Aras,G.,Aybars,A., Kutlu,O.(2010).Investigating the relationship between the corporate social responsibility and the financial performance in emerging markets.Managing corporate performance,59,229254. Artiach,T.,Lee,D.,Nelson,D., Walker,J.(2010).The determinants of corporate sustainability performance. Accounting and Finance,50,3151. Atakan, M. Eker, T. (2007). Corporate identity of a socially responsible university: A case from the Turkish higher education sector. Journal of Business Ethics, 76, 55-68. Aver,B., Cadez,S.(2009).Management accountants' participation in the strategic management processes: A cross industry comparisons. Balmer, M., Fukukawa, K., Gray, E. (2007). The nature and management of ethical corporate identity: A commentary on the corporate identity, corporate social responsibility, and ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 76, 7-15. Henderson, J. (2007). Corporate social responsibility and tourism: Hotel companies in Horrigan., B. (2010). Corporate Social Responsibility in 21st Century: Debates. Models and Practices Across the Government, Law and Business, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK Innovation in India, (2007). National Knowledge Commission, June. 5. Kallio, T. (2007). Taboos in corporate social responsibility discourse. Journal of Business Ethics, 74, 165-175. Maak, T. (2007). Responsible leadership, stakeholder engagement, and emergence of social capital. Journal of Business Ethics, 74, 329-343. Muthu, S. (2014). Assessing an environmental impact of the textiles and the clothing supply chain. UK: Woodhead Publishing. Google Scholar Osterwalder, A. Pigneur, Y. (2010).Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, the game changers, and challengers. New Jersey: John Wiley. Google Scholar Parmar, K. (2014). The IOU Project. In MA Gardetti ME Girn (Eds.), the Sustainable luxury and social entrepreneurship - stories from the pioneers. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing.Google Scholar Perkmann, M. Spicer, A. (2010). What are business models? Developing a theory of the performative representations. In: Nelson Phillips, Graham, Dorothy Griffiths (eds.) Technology and Organization: Essays in the Honour of Joan Woodward. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 29, 265275. Phuket, Thailand, after the Indian Ocean tsunami. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26(1), 228-239. Pickett, K. Wilkinson, R. (2009). Health and major inequality themes in health and social welfare. London: Routledge Roberts, P. (2007). What is the corporate responsibility? Hospitality, (6), 54-55. Sasse, C. Trahan, R. (2007). Rethinking the new corporate philanthropy. Business Horizons, 50 (1), 29-38.

The book The Collector by John Fowles Essay Example For Students

The book The Collector by John Fowles Essay (Morning) Ive become aware that I dont remember much of the outside world. The colour of the grass is called green but I cant put the colour to the name. The feeling of a soft breeze on my face, forgotten. The sound of the children in a playground, the smell of the sweetest flowers, forgotten. What a waste. My own doing I suppose. I only had myself to blame. Im surprised I could still remember my own name. I should be on the brink of madness. I want to be. But nothing ever goes my way does it. Ive been waiting out the days, ticking them off, hoping someone will finally understand me but they never will. Nobody misses me and no one wants me. I have no friends, and the only family I have left are the ones that think Im mental and everyone else is too preoccupied with their own lives to notice Im still alive. Its understandable though. I wouldnt miss me. Thats why I started this. I realised Im nothing in this universe, just one small flea on the back of an elephant. Unimportant. I dont have a destiny, never found true love, havent had a steady job in years and I know now that Im the reason the word failure is in existence. We will write a custom essay on The book The Collector by John Fowles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There was a time where I wasnt scared of anything, when I had a bunch of friends who hung on my every word but then there was the time I could be surrounded by a sea of people and still feel all alone. The sea made me feel tiny, almost like I was invisible because no one could share my view of the world. They were locked away, safe inside my head until the right person could pick them out one by one, but that never happened. (Afternoon) These four walls are proving to be my only source of comfort. Away from the rest of the world. Im safe. Just me, a pen, some paper and a bed. Not much I grant you but enough to know that necessities arent needed. I dont want what they keep offering me. I dont want your books, I say. But you have to do something! They say.  Sometimes this place is like my own personal hell hole, but other, Its my idea of heaven. They try and make me do what they want. Lets go for a walk, they say. I dont want to leave! I say. They dont realise how dangerous the outside world is. I dont care about hearing, seeing and smelling new things! I put myself in here, no matter how hard they try and convince me Im ill, I did this to myself! Im not mental like they say! Im not! The truth is, I dont remember how I got in here in the first place. Theres a lot of gaps in my life that are justblackThey try and force it out of me. They tell me Ive done horrible things, unforgivable things so I was brought in here. I dont listen. Theyre wrong, Ive been good my whole life. I put myself in here! No one forced me like they say, I chose this life away from the danger and the people that couldnt be trusted. My choice. My choice. Sunnyside Mental Care they call it, like its a special place for people who are crazy. They think theyve locked me up for my own good. Im not mental, I promise. I may forget things and refuse to talk or trust people but Im not mental. Its not that I dont like people, some of them in other white boxes seem nice enough. Theyre in the same situation as me, understand what Im going through, its the other people I dont like. Their patronising grimaces and their condescending tone like Im 5 years old. They arent to be trusted. None of them. And none of them will ever understand the trouble I went through to get here and my reasoning behind it. I will never say anything to anyone. .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6 , .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6 .postImageUrl , .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6 , .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6:hover , .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6:visited , .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6:active { border:0!important; } .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6:active , .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6 .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucb05e6ed28a054ee406ed065560b3aa6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pride and Prejudice is one of Jane Austen's most renowned and established novels EssayAnalysis of Denial.  I chose to write my story based on two of the main features of the book The Collector by John Fowles The writing style (the diary-type entries) and the idea of isolation and separation from society.  For my short dystopian story I have chosen to write about a slightly deranged individual in a mental institute having lived for weeks, maybe months in there, not really realising why. I wanted to create a character with multiple layers of personality for example, towards the beginning of the Denial I found that the character should be serene and unruffled, calmly explaining some of the feelings theyre experiencing. As the story goes on the character becomes more and more stressed about the facilities and the people that work in the institute referring to the staff and them and they showing that the individual is clearly untrustworthy and cautious. Using the pronoun they shows the reader that even though the character has had to see these people everyday for weeks, maybe more, they are still anxious about how to socialise with them. The pronoun makes the staff seem almost inhuman making the story more tense as if the staff were making the individuals life a misery. I wanted to keep a mysterious side to the story regarding the narrator, hence why there is very little description of them, not even a name or gender. To find out more, the reader has to piece together little details the character drops about their background. I hoped for the story to result in the reader to feel pity for the character but Im uncertain whether I achieved in doing so as reading back on it, I feel more inclined to call the patient mental. However, everyone has different opinions and Im certain the story will create different emotions for different people. This was inspired by Fowles who I feel tries to get the reader to focus on why the main character, Frederick Clegg, thinks the way he does and acts how he does. In Denial my aim was to provoke questions such as why is this person in this institution? and what could they have done to get themselves in that state of mind? Throughout The Collector Miranda (the woman Clegg kidnaps) feels isolated and separated from society, not only physically, but also emotionally. She doesnt relate to Clegg in the slightest through the beginning of the story. I used this inspiration to form the basis of my story to show the reader what the narrator is truly feeling. The diary entries Fowles writes from Miranda and Clegg make the overall story much more personal so the reader can be sympathetic, have pity or emphasize with the character. I used this aspect in my story as I feel it connects much more to the reader. The reader can truly see what the narrator is feeling and what is going through their head. It also comes across as a means of escape for both the characters in The Collector and in my short story Denial as they spill out their emotions onto the piece of paper. There are a few differences from Fowles novel and my short story however. For one, my story line is fairly unlike the one in The Collector even though I used some of the same aspects. I wanted to use the themes of isolation and separation but with a different point of view so I chose to use the view of someone who feels they are isolated by choice, whereas, in fact this is false. In The Collector Miranda is forced into separation with no choice in the matter, slowly going insane. Miranda is seen as a vulnerable character as she cannot defend herself particularly well and has no means of escape from Cleggs imprisonment. The narrator in my story is of similar vulnerability as they do not realize why they are in the institute, fairly unaware of their surroundings and no able to communicate with the other people there, not because he/she isnt allowed to but because the narrator feels other people cannot be trusted. .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a , .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a .postImageUrl , .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a , .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a:hover , .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a:visited , .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a:active { border:0!important; } .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a:active , .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud816cf62d9a730de9d482d7a7798792a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anne Rice: A Fascinating Story EssayBecause I only created a short extract of a story from one day in the life of this narrator I am portraying I was unable to develop many of the writing styles I took from Fowles further. If I were to continue this extract I maybe would have delved deeper into the narrators mind of how they came to be in the unit and more of their background as Fowles delved into the mind of Clegg and explained to the reader how he came across Miranda and what attracted him to her. I would also have liked to experiment with the writing technique of the diary entries. I feel that entries can be made in any form needed e.g. poems, letter form, formal, as if writing to a friend, a lover etc. it would have been interesting to see a variety of entries in the story if I were to continue.

Jane Eyre Patriarchal Dominance Essays

Jane Eyre Patriarchal Dominance Essays Jane Eyre Patriarchal Dominance Essay Jane Eyre Patriarchal Dominance Essay A Female in a Man’s World Patriarchal dominance is something that has been the norm for centuries, and is only now beginning to become less prominent. Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte is about the young Byronic hero Jane Eyre who has been resisting patriarchal forces all her life. In Bronte’s novel, Jane’s character is consistently portrayed as passionate in asserting her own identity, even though this has caused conflict with most males, and some females throughout her life. The passage that follows is taken from the scene when Jane is justifying to herself her refusal to go to the south of France with Rochester, as well as her decision to leave Thornfield Hall. Jane’s decision is devouring her, however she knows that she will never be more than a mistress to him as long as Bertha Mason is alive, and so she must assert herself in order to retain the identity that she has worked so hard for: Still indomitable was the replyI care for myself. The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I will keep the law given by God; sanctioned by man. I will hold to the principles received by me when I was sane, and not madas I am now. Laws and principles are not for the times when there is no temptation: they are for such moments as this, when body and soul rise in mutiny against their rigour; stringent are they; inviolate they shall be. If at my individual convenience I might break them, what would be their worth? They have a worthso I have always believed; and if I cannot believe it now, it is because I am insanequite insane. (408) Her conscience and reason have been described as betraying her and siding with her passion and feelings side, causing an inner-conflict that is threatening the resonance of her identity. This clash between Jane’s passion and reasoning strongly illustrates key reoccurring themes throughout the novel, including the assertion of her strong, female identity as well as resisting patriarchal forces that have been stifling Jane Eyre her entire life. Rochester, who is described as â€Å"masterful† throughout the novel, is trying to assert his power over Jane by telling her to come to the south of France with him as his mistress and not to leave Thornfield, however Jane remains â€Å"indomitable† in an effort to maintain her identity. Jane says that â€Å"I care for myself† in a rhetorical statement, which is used as a simple justification to herself and reminder of who she is, as well as an introduction to the internal conflict that she is experiencing. Jane never had trouble leaving the Reed residence or Lowood School because there was nothing left in these places for her, however she is now in love with Rochester and has him to think about as well, creating an even more substantial conflict. Her passion and feelings seem to be taking over her usual dominant conscience and reasoning that ordinarily allow her to make decisions without emotional attachments. She quickly comes to realize though that the idea of being someone’s mistress is too demeaning and she therefore must affirm herself as independent from any dominant male figure, even one that she is in love with. When Jane says that â€Å"The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I will keep the law given by God†, she is asserting her independence from Rochester and his patriarchal dominance that he would undoubtedly have over her. This is resonated when he calls Jane â€Å"Mrs. Rochester† (p. 394), which to this Jane gives the cold response: â€Å"Sir, your wife is living† (p. 394). For Jane, the idea of being referred to as anything but her given name is something that is not even close to imaginable for her, because this would be tainting her identity, ultimately leaving her with nothing. At this point in the novel, the only thing that Jane has left that she can fully rely on is â€Å"the law given by God† because her other resources, conscience and reasoning, have betrayed her and sided with her feelings: â€Å"when body and soul rise in mutiny against their rigour; stringent are they; inviolate they shall be†. In other words, when Jane’s body and soul oppose her sensibility because of â€Å"temptation†, her â€Å"laws and principles† that she has always stood by, must remain strict and intact in order to retain her identity. Jane refers to these said laws and principles, as ones that were â€Å"received by me when I was sane, and not mad- as I am now. † She is obviously referring to before she met Rochester and fell in love with him, and a clear parallel can also be drawn here between Jane and Bertha Mason. Throughout the novel Bertha is described as a â€Å"lunatic† (p. 381) and continually dehumanized by Rochester, only contributing animalistic qualities to her identity. Rochester was the dominant patriarchal force in Bertha’s life, and although this may be subconscious for Jane, the comparison is inevitable, especially when she refers to herself as â€Å"insane- quite insane†. In this passage, Bertha Mason is used as a foreshadowing of what could happed to Jane if she doesn’t immediately assert her independence, and resist Rochester’s patriarchal grasp. After this scene, Jane leaves Thornfield with nothing but twenty shillings and a small bag of her belongings, but along with these insignificant items, she has her pride, which in her view is priceless. This passage works to reinforce key reoccurring themes in Bronte’s novel; Jane fighting for her independent, female identity, as well as the resistance of dominating patriarchal forces that have sought to stifle Jane and her character throughout her life. The internal conflict portrayed in this passage, is one that helped to change Jane’s life for the better, because in the end, her leaving Thornfield was the best thing that could have happened for her and Rochester’s relationship. By Jane standing up for what she believed in, it ultimately leads to the only thing she had missing in her â€Å"solitary†¦friendless† life, which was love.

Psychology Chapter Reading Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology Chapter Reading Summary - Essay Example This will not only impact the person to whom the communication is being directed but to other listeners as well. Another way in which admiration and appreciation can be more powerful is being specific. Being specific will place more emphasis on the person giving the appreciation rather than on the person being appreciated. It is more powerful to focus on the specific quality that is being admired or appreciated. Being specific can benefit the speaker as well into doing some introspection. A third way of allowing appreciation and admiration to be more powerful is to make the communication non attributive. Usually one makes general descriptions in communicating appreciating and admiration. Telling someone about his qualities or characteristics is not effective. It doesn’t allow the person to recognize the value. A more effective method would be to communicate to the person in such a way so as to relate your experience gained from his actions. In communication, it is felt that it is more useful to speak in the first person rather than in the second person when we are communicating negative experiences. When the first person is used the listener is placed in a passive position. The same holds true for communicating positive experiences. In using the second person there is a lack of sincerity and originality. Ongoing reward shows our experience of the person and not about the persons themselves. Words are very powerful in the field of communication. They are capable of influencing our thoughts, feelings, and inter personal relationships. Words can be misinterpreted according to the context, cultural setting and even by gender differences. Words communicate a literal meaning as well as a subjective and personal meaning and are more precise if they have a concrete rather than an abstract meaning. They have the power to evoke negative reactions as

Comparative Politics Research Paper topic Assignment

Comparative Politics Research Paper topic - Assignment Example The rise of sectarianism in both Bahrain and Kuwait is firmly held in the venerable problems of governance and the elite manipulation of the Sunni and Shiite identities. Massive loss of lives in the gulf region has been as a result of the deep religious differences between these two sects. The re-emergence of identity politics in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia has left in its tail worrying number of deaths in close by countries and the continued manipulation of the identity by the ruling families might degenerate into violence in these countries. According to Saikal and Acharya (7), during the spring, protesters in Bahrain were quelled through manipulation of the sectarian divide. The stability of the political system in Saudi Arabia on the other hand ensured that the protests were unheard of in the monarchial state. Interests in the sectarianism politics in the region has aroused a lot of interest; particularly, the causes and the manner in which it continues to shape politics in the two

Holistic View Of The Bilingual Person English Language Essay

Holistic View Of The Bilingual Person English Language Essay The term bilingual in the psycholinguistic literature does not only apply to people who speak two languages equally well because they were exposed constantly to two different languages maybe due to their parents two different native languages. However Bilingualism refers to the regular use of two (or more) languages, and bilinguals are those people who need and use two (or more) languages in their everyday lives. (Grosjean, 1992, pp. 51). This represents a holistic view of the bilingual person as a competent and complete communicator, on the other hand though a bilingual person is surely not the result of the sum of two monolinguals. As early as 1968, Macnamara, Krauthammer and Bolgar wrote: Within certain limits à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, all bilinguals manage to keep their languages distinct and can switch from one to the other. It follows that to some extent bilinguals experience their languages as psychologically distinct systems, and that they have some device to control which one is used at any particular time. However, fluent bilinguals are capable of switching between their two languages, when for example a third person who can speak only one of the two languages is pulled in a conversation or when the topic of the discussion strongly asks for the use of both languages at the same time. To clarify this point, consider this situation described by Judith Kroll You are sitting at a cafà © or at the airport when you overhear a conversation in English that suddenly switches to another language and then back to English. If you are a monolingual speaker of English, you may notice the mixture of languages without realizing that you have listened to an impressive cognitive accomplishment by the speaker. This exceptional achievement is instead a rather common feature of bilinguals language use in which words of two languages mix together in a coherent and meaningful conversation .. In this sense, a bilingual changes the linguistic form, without alterating the substantial meaning byusing a word which may address the sense of a discourse in a better or stronger way like choosing between synonyms with the same language (Sridhar Sridhar, 1980). Yet when the same bilinguals speak to a monolingual they rarely use or switch to an alternative language in order to prevent the monoli ngual speaker from not understanding. These different circumstances and a variety of other situation where this capability arises leads to question of how the information to be processed or expressed is bound to the activation or articulation of a corresponding word or phrase in the appropriate language. On one hand, for a person repeatedly coping with language switches within the conversation, these apparently strange words come unexpectedly and may perhaps be more difficult to process than their within-language counterparts. On the other hand for a bilingual who has to choose in which language to speak, the process of finding the right word in the right context, which French and Jacquet (2004) refer to as lexical access may result extremely complex , as in addition to the activation of words in one language other than the target, other parole (words) in the other language might be active as well.,. Thus, the simultaneous activation of the two lexico-semantic represenations of a bilingual might address different answers paralleled with the specific processing modality, word recognition or production, driven by the context. In word recognition, language membership is passively conveyed to a person by the orthographical or phonological characteristics of the word (). However, in word production, the speaker actively and intentionally decides which language to use. Therefore, the speaker can exert some control on lexical forms and choose the target which best fits the communicative context among a set of activated representations. We do not claim that the mechanisms and neural dynamics recruited for lexical access are necessarily different in recognition and production, but rather that the processes involved in each may be at least partially different. The aim of this project will be first to trace the effects of a language switch on models of both language production and language comprehension and second to identify the neural correlates of language switching and the impact a switch may have on the cognitive processes which rule lexical access in order to produce or recognize a word. Bilingualism and language comprehension Language comprehension has been investigated in bilingual populations mainly through tasks in which bilinguals are substantially asked to respond to written words in one or both of their languages. In such visual word identification tasks, the language switch is driven by the upcoming stimuli in input, while the output is executed by button press driven by a binary decision. A large number of studies have addressed bilinguals performance in comprehension tasks through both within-language and cross-language tasks such as lexical decision (e.g., Dijkstra, Van Jaarsveld Ten Brinke, 1998; Dijkstra, Grainger, Van Heuven, 1999; von Studnitz Green, 2002), language decision, and categorisation tasks (e.g., Dufour Kroll, 1995; Grainger Frenck-Mestre, 1998). Initial studies revealed, for example, that when bilinguals were asked to read language-mixed passages, their performance suffered compared to reading single-language passages (Macnamara Kushnir, 1971). In lexical decision, responses to words where a switch in language occurs were slower than those to a trial nested in a sequence of words from same language s (Thomas Allport, 1995; Von Studnitz Green, 1997). Ability to recognize words in one language seems to be influenced by the language memebership of the word immediately preceding (the basic language priming effect) (Grainger Beauvillain, 1988; Grainger ORegan, 1992) even in lists of unrelated words. Fluent bilinguals seem to comfortably manage whichever language they are requested to use, however in all of the contexts mentioned just above a language switch during comprehension hurts their performance. This evidence suggests that even when bilinguals read (e.g., Dijkstra, 2005) or hear (e.g., Marian Spivey, 2003) one langua ge alone, both languages are still active. Thus, a crucial point here is to establish if and to what extent the other language is still there when bilinguals use one language alone. One way of testing this hypotheisis is to isolate ambiguous features of the bilinguals two languages , meaning to use words that partially overlap or are totally shared in both languages. When two languages share the same alphabet, we may find words called cognates that look or sound the same and mean the same thing as well. For example, In French and Italian, the words balla and balle are almost spelled identically and have the same meaning and. If bilinguals are really capable of shutting down one language and dress as monolinguals, then performance on these special words (cognates) should not differ from that on distinctive and unambiguous words. If the other language results not to be in standby but always on, then bilinguals should perform differently from monolinguals which in a lexical decision ta sk will need to match the target with only one possible candidate instead of two A cognate benefit on performance has been demonstrated across a variety of tasks (De Groot and Poot, 1997; Van Hell De Groot, 1998a; Van Hell and Dijkstra, 2002;), providing substantial evidence that cognates are represented or processed differently from non-cognate translation equivalent words in the second language. Cognates and non-cognates also show different priming effects: in one of the earliest explorations of the effects of cognates, De Groot and Nas (1991) found cross-language repetition priming for both cognates and non-cognates, but associative priming only for cognates. Given such evidence they reached three conclusions: (1) the representations of both cognate and non-cognate translations at the lexical level of representation are connected; (2) cognate translations share a representation at the conceptual level while (3) non-cognate translation equivalents are represented in separate conc ept nodes. De Groot and colleagues model of cognate representation has continued to develop, but it remains firmly based on the principle that cognates representations in the two languages are shared, or overlapping, more than those of non-cognates. In terms of distributed representations, Van Hell and De Groot (1998) describe the notion of overlap as the patterns of activation for a cognate word and its translation being similar to one another, whereas the patterns of activation for a non-cognate word and its translation may have very little in common. The more features are shared between words, the smaller the lexical distance between their corresponding patterns of activation. In addition, the cognate effect was found not to be restricted only to conditions where stimuli are presented in written form. Costa, Caramazza, and Sebastià ¡n-Gallà ©s (2000), for example, found that bilinguals named pictures with cognate names more quickly than pictures with non-cognate names, while monolinguals showed no difference on the same set of pictures. This confirms that the cognate benefit is not solely due to orthographic overlap in the presented stimuli. Many studies have took advantage of these special properties of cognate words in order to determine how this linguistic ambiguity impacts on bilinguals ability to understand these words in only one of their two languages. Evidence stemming from all these studies strongly supports the idea that the language not in use may be in a sort of sleeping mode and anyway exerts an influence on the bilinguals lexico-semantic system even when a task tunes it to the other language. When cross-language form and meaning converge, bilingual performance is typically facilitated; when cross-language form and meaning conflict, bilingual performance is often hindered, in that it is slower and more likely to be error prone (Dijkstra, 2005). These cross-language effects will likely occur especially in the case of a second less dominant language given that most of time both languages will never be equally strong. Furthermore in conditions where a change in language occurs, the cross-linguistic influence of one language on the other will directly affect the processing of words in either one of the two languages. However it is a point of some controversy in the literature whether the costs associated with switching between languages might be somehow modulated by language specific or ambiguous cues. The Bilingual Interactive Activation model (BIA) and language switching Dijkstra and van Heuven (1998) have proposed a model for word recognition in bilinguals (BIA, the Bilingual Interactive Activation model) in which they try to account for the interaction between active word candidates in both languages. Novel to the BIA model is the use of language nodes. When the BIA model encounters a string of letters, the specific visual features of each at a particular letter position excite letters in the system with corresponding features while different letters are inhibited . Activation in turn from letters is driven to words in both languages where each letter figures in the determined position, while all other words are inhibited. At the word level, language membership will not affect inhibition as all words inhibit each other. Activation thriving from word nodes in the same language is carried on to the corresponding language nodes which store activation from words with a specific language tag, and in turn spread, through a feedback mechanism, inhibition to all word nodes in the other language. Furthermore, these language nodes can be pre-activated reflecting a particular task and this device allows the asymmetric inhibition of words in the two languages; word forms in L1, for instance, can be more inhibited than word forms in L2. The effects of language switching can be explained in this framework through a mechanism which allows lexical activation to flow from one trial over to the next. The BIA hypothesizes that activation of a specific language node paralleled with the presentation of a word in that particular language will not completely decay and fall beneath threshold, therefore when the next item comes up in the other language the corresponding word unit will be partially inhibited. According to this model any cost relative to switching will fall close to zero if the input carries orthographic features unique to a language. Only one or a few word units in that particular language will be active and any advantage or disadvant age held by similar cross-linguistic representations (i.e. as in the case of cognates) of the previous trial will fade out. This model shows that language switching may be a function of the task situation, the nature of stimulus material, as well as the expertise of the bilingual. Figure 1. The Bilingual Interactive Activation (BIA) model for bilingual word recognition. Arrowheads indicate excitatory connections; black filled circles indicate inhibitory connections. (Dijkstra van Heuven, 1998) 4.4 The effects of context information and the BIA+ Model Language is a single word, however in its everyday use it implies the use of a set of multiple words to express meaning. It is possible therefore that evidence for cross-language activity stems from the decontextualized nature of word recognition tasks commonly employed to investigate the bilinguals two languages. In the context of a conversation or while we read a passage in one language rather than the other cues which shift the balance of activity in favour of the intended language should be conveyed to a mechanism which could virtually switch off the other language. This indeed does not seem to be the case as recent evidence from a number of studies suggest that contextual cues per se are not able to turn completely down the activity of the language not in use. On one hand we would have intuitively predicted that the frame provided by a stringent linguistic context should reduce the number of viable language interpretations. On the other hand, these findings justify the ease of language switching and the relatively low cost it entails in terms of processing resources (e.g., Moreno, Federmeier, Kutas, 2002). However, a point of some controversy remains and namely the relationship between the word identification system and the linguistic context (as a sentence) or the non-linguistic context information determined in an experimental framework by the task demands (i.e. the participants expectations determined by the instructions). One option is that after the initial stages of lexical processing, information of both types (linguistic and context) may exert an influence on the activation level of forms in the target and non-target language. For instance, context information could inhibit lexical candidates or lemmas in the irrelevant language (BIA model by Dijkstra et al., 1998; IC model by Green, 1986, 1998) or just modulate of the activation level of lexical candidates in each language (Grosjean, 1997). A second option is that non-linguistic context information does not directly influence the activity in the identification system itself, but affects decision criteria only.. The BIA+ model postulates the existence of two distinct systems: a word identification system and a task/decision system. Linguistic information conveyed by a sequence of words in in a sentence context may modulate the word identification system, while non-linguistic context information (e.g., participants expectations and strategies) affects parameter settings in the task/decision system.. However, the model clearly states that the task/decision system and sources of non-linguistic information do not affect the lexical activation levels within the word identification system itself. Therefore while performing in a task (such as lexical decision) an early preconscious, automatic level of processing thriving from activity within the word identification system may be followed by an attention-sensitive level in which lexical forms are selected through a task/decision system with reference to different contextual factors and bound to a specific response relevant to the task at hand (cf. Altenberg and C airns, 1983, p. 187; Dupoux and Mehler, 1992; Balota, Paul and Spieler, 1999). The task schema, which is set up during the practice set or retrieved from memory, designates the algorithm which selects the cognitive processing steps necessary to perform the specific task (Green, 1986, 1998; Norman and Shallice, 1986). The decision mechanism is incorporated in the task schema and monitors continuously the activation level of candidates in the identification system by weighting the different levels of activation of targets with respect to each other within the identification system in order to arrive at an output in terms of response. The decision relies upon a lexical selection mechanism, which triggers depending on the breaking of an activation threshold for a lexical candidate. In other words, the identification and task/decision systems, though interconnected, may be partially independent. The two systems use their own criteria for action triggering (i.e., lexical selection and res ponse selection/execution). The identification system is assumed to recognize a word and is able to select a single lexical candidate with a good degree of certainty) when the system reaches a fair stability. The task/decision system triggers a response when its own criteria are met, some of which ruled by lexical activation, while others driven by a tendency towards optimization in terms of how activated and selected representations in the identification system are linked to possible responses. For instance, in lexical decision the input letter string conveys activity to orthographic, semantic and phonological codes, all of which could allow a discrimination of word and non-word input. However, when participants are asked to make a language decision in the sense to press one button if a presented item belongs to one language (e.g., English) and another button if it belongs to another language (e.g., Dutch) only those codes which facilitate the retrieval of language membership infor mation (language tags) are able to address a correct response. Thus, different schemas underlie different tasks, although one task may obey to different schemas. The schema might capture and use information from different sources in parallel, but presently available evidence suggests that orthographic representations play a major role (Pexman and Lupker, 2001). A number of recent experiments have addressed the predictions stemming from the BIA+ model by asking whether the parallel activity of the two languages can be reduced or eliminated when language ambiguous words that produce cross-language effects out of context, are placed in sentence context (e.g., Elston-Gà ¼ttler, Gunter, Kotz, 2005; Schwartz Kroll, 2006;Van Hell,1998). Schwartz, Kroll, and Diaz (2007) showed that when bilinguals are asked to name a cognate like radio in isolation, they are faster relative to controls if there is both orthographical and phonological overlap across the two languages. However, when they read highly constrained sentences the processing advantage for cognates disappeared while in sentences with a lower closure probability, an advantage for cognates remained, suggesting that knowing the language in which you are reading does not switch off the unintended language. This last assumption leads to the question of whether the decision criteria in a language switching task is affected when cognates are involved considering that the activation threshold for lexical candidates will be broken not as quickly. According to the BIA+ model, the similarity of the input word to the internal lexical representations establishes their activation level. Therefore the larger the overlap between the input string and a representation in the mental lexicon, the more the internal representation is activated. In the case of two languages with alphabetical writing systems, the number of activated orthographic candidates is determined by factors such as the neighbourhood density and frequency of the target word and its within- and between-language neighbours and not by the words language membership. However, If the two input codes specific to each language are different (e.g., letter sets), the activated set of neighbours may become much smaller. Figure 2. The BIA+ model for bilingual word recognition. Arrows indicate activation flows between representational pools. Inhibitory connections within pools are omitted. Language nodes could instead be attached to lemma representations between word form and meaning representations. Non-linguistic context only affects the task schema level. (Dijkstra Van Heuven The architecture of the bilingual word recognition sysytem, Bilingualism:Language and Cognition, 5, 2002 )